Depiction of Adriana vs. Wife in The Comedy of Errors and The Brothers Manaechmus - Literature Essay Samples

The Comedy of Errors, written by William Shakespeare, is mirrored to a major extent by Plautus’s play The Brothers Manaechmus, both of which deal with the issue of separated twins who find themselves in the same town and are mistaken for each other. However, although Shakespeare draws his work off of the basic plot structure of Plautus’s ancient Roman text, it is evident that he takes liberties to further develop main characters and diverge from specific scenarios of the original comedy. Following close reading, a major disparity between the two evidently lies in the difference of depiction of the wives of the lost twins: Adriana in The Comedy of Errors and the Wife in The Brothers Manaechmus. Through analysis of the confused confrontation between ‘husband’ and wife, the intervening third-parties in the forms of the Abbess and the Old Man, and the verbal abuse they are subject to at times of their husband’s madness, it is evident that Shakespeare mol ds the three-dimensional and likeable character of Adriana from that of the Wife, depicting her as sympathetic, rather than shrewish. In both Shakespeare’s The Comedy of Errors and in Plautus’s The Brothers Menaechmus, a foreign twin (Antipholus of Syracuse/Menaechmus II) is confusedly interrogated by his brother’s wife, during which she accuses him of failing to recognize her, and chides his unfaithful behavior. However, it can be said that the two interactions deviate from each other as evident in the diction between man and wife presented in both texts. While Adriana does accuse her husband of neglect as does the wife of Menaechmus I, she offers herself up and reminds him of their vows as husband and wife. In this context, she addresses his suspected adultery when she meets him in the marketplace; ADRIANA I am possessd with an adulterate blot; My blood is mingled with the crime of lust: For if we too be one and thou play false, I do digest the poison of thy flesh, Being strumpeted by thy contagion. Keep then far league and truce with thy true bed; I live unstaind, thou undishonoured. (2.2.13 9-145) Adriana claims that her marriage to Antipholus has rendered them not two separate entities, but instead joined them in unity as an inseparable whole, evident when she asserts that â€Å"we two be one†. In saying this, she suggests that their marital bond has melded their two bodies into one, using this analogy to demonstrate to Antipholus that would he become adulterous, her blood would too become â€Å"mingled with the crime of lust†, â€Å"an adulterate blot† on her purity a result of his wrongdoing. More literally, she implies that by sleeping with other women, namely the Courtesan, he will bring sexually transmitted diseases into their bedroom, proof of his â€Å"adulterate blot† settling in her skin, and bringing shame upon her in society. She thus pleads to him to remain true to her so as to protect her reputation by â€Å"keep[ing]†¦far league and truce with thy true bed†. She claims that that this will allow her to â€Å"live u nstaind† and will preserve his own honor as well. Thus, in her appeal, Shakespeare leads the audience to sympathize with Adriana, who is forced to bear the brunt of both her husband’s adultery, which is translated as both emotional and societal shame, as well as physical disease. Shakespeare here alludes to the fact that the wives of adulterous men also became victims of disease spread from their husband’s affairs, an additional burden they were forced to carry. This is important because Adriana acknowledges this while pleading to Antipholus, and nonetheless vows to stay true to him. However, in contrast to Adriana, the Wife uses far less amiable and noble language in speaking to her confused ‘husband’. Even though she initially believes that he has come to return the dress stolen from her and given to Erotium, she calls him a â€Å"shameless, brazen, wicked man† (1.713), and in anger, asks him how â€Å"You dare to mutter, you dare to speak a word to me?† (1.711) when he asks for her identity. However, the key disparity between her behavior and that of her Shakespearean counterpart is highlighted when she responds to Menaechmus calling her a â€Å"female dog† (1.718) after she accosts him: WIFE I simply can’t endure all this disgracefulness- I’d even rather live my life†¦.a divorceà © Than bear the brunt of this disgracefulness of yours. (1.719-721) In saying that she would â€Å"rather live†¦life†¦.a divorceà ©Ã¢â‚¬  by ending her marriage to Menaechmus, her response is seminal here in that it s trikes a stark contrast between that of Adriana. Unlike the Wife, who creates an easy escape for herself by resorting to divorce, Adriana reminds her husband of their marital vows and their resultant incorruptible bodily separation. Unlike the former, she does not verbally abuse or threaten to leave her husband because of his unfaithfulness, but instead pleads for him to return to her. This difference is important here in that in changing her response, she is characterized as loving and co-dependent, rather than shrewish and short-tempered, as Plautus depicts his female antagonist here. This is highlighted when the Wife implies that she would rather carry the societal shame of divorce â€Å"Than bear the brunt of this disgracefulness†, in reference to Menaechmus’ adulterous behavior. As a result, it can be said that Shakespeare’s reflection and alteration of The Brothers Menaechmus forges an alternate depth of Plautus’ Wife and paints her in a way that is more dependent and three-dimensional. Perhaps for this reason, readers do not root for the Wife, who lacks even a name other than a sign of her ownership by her husband, and is static in her continuous berating and scheming. On the other hand, it may be incorrect to judge her actions so crudely given that her qualms toward her husband are very material; she knows that he has stolen her dress and given it to his lover Erotium, something that her husband has outwardly lied about. In contrast, Adriana only suspects that Antipholus has missed dinner for the company of another woman, while in reality he was delayed by the Goldsmith, from whom he had ordered a necklace to be made for her. Although Antipholus is suggested to have had prior illicit relations with the Courtesan, his faults do not lie as deep at that of Menaechmus’ do, who openly steals from the Wife. As a result, it can be said that the Wife differs in her relationship to her husband in that in response to the confus ion, she threatens to leave him, while Adriana warns her husband of the societal shame of his adultery, and reasserts the bodily significance of their marriage. Furthermore, upon trouble between ‘husband’ and wife in both The Comedy of Errors and in The Brothers Menaechmus, an intervening third-party appears to scorn the wife, either in the form of the Abbess, a nun in the town of Ephesus, or the Old Man, the father of the Wife. These meetings are paralleled in both texts in that outside characters accuse the respective wives of wrong-doing toward their husbands, effectively silencing them. In The Comedy of Errors, the Abbess attributes Antipholus’ madness as a consequence of Adriana’s nagging in regard to his evident adultery. She claims that: ABBESS The venom clamours of a jealous woman Poisons more deadly than a mad dogs tooth. It seems his sleeps were hinderd by thy railing, And therefore comes it that his head is light. (5.1.69-72) In accusing Adriana of making Antipholus’ â€Å"head†¦light† with talk of wrongdoing, the Abbess suggests that his madness stems from the â€Å"venom† of A driana’s jealousy. She believes that this jealous â€Å"poison† has penetrated him as might a bite from a â€Å"mad dogs tooth†, and prevented him from sleeping, thus explaining his strange behavior. In response to this, Adriana encroaches the Abbess to release her husband, softened by promises to care for him in his time of illness: ADRIANA I will attend my husband, be his nurse, Diet his sickness, for it is my office, And will have no attorney but myself; And therefore let me have him home with me. (5.1.98-101) She claims that as his â€Å"nurse†, Adriana will make it her â€Å"office†, or duty as wife, to see that Antipholus is cured of his madness. She comes to the Abbess not in complaint but to retrieve him into her own care, illustrating her desire to remain with Antipholus despite any his misbehavior, shedding light on the loyal and forgiving nature of her character. However, even though the Abbess is incorrect in her diagnosis of Antipholus , who hides in the monastery as a place of refuge from the quack Doctor Pinch, her attitude toward Adriana nonetheless is a reflection of the society that has shaped her views of the rights and wrongs of relations between men and women. Furthermore, this scene is mirrored in the text of The Brothers Menaechmus, in which the Old Man, even before arriving to the scene of conflict, prophesies the cause of the trouble in saying that: OLD MAN Well, that’s how it always is with big-dowry wives, They’re fierce to their husbands, they order their lives. But then sometimes the man is†¦let’s say†¦not so pure. There’s limits to what a good wife can endure. (1.766-769) With this song, he implies the nagging behavior of his daughter toward her husband to be typical of rich women (â€Å"†¦that’s how it always is with big-dowry wives†), indicating that the Wife believes that her large dowry grants her the right to be demanding of her husband (â€Å"They’re fierce to their husbands, they order their lives†). As with the Abbess, there is a note of blame here, but it is soothed by his acknowledgement that there are â€Å"limits to what a good wife can endure†. This thus illustrates the different ways in which the respective societies of Shakespeare and Plautus treated the concept of marriage, in that for Adriana, her marital bond to Antipholus is all-consuming and eternal. In contrast, for the Wife, her bond to her husband is forged by monetary ties and can be easily severed, an idea reinforced by the Old Man in his speech. Approaching the couple, his daughter, the Wife, tells him of her husband’s expenditures, and her attempts to control his affairs and boozing, claiming that she wants to abandon her husband and return home to her family: WIFE I’ve done nothing wrong, dear Father, you can be assured of that But I simply can’t go on and live with him in any way. Consequently-take me home. (1.779-782) In saying this, her behavior again marks a deep disparity between herself and Adriana; rather than caring for her sick and evidently mad ‘husband’, she opts to drop him (â€Å"Consequently-take me homeâ € ) and return to live in her father’s house, claiming that she is blameless in this situation as she has â€Å"done nothing wrong†. While Adriana selflessly comes to the Abbess to return her husband to their home and care for him, the Wife her wants to be taken home herself, mirroring a disgruntled child, rather than a wife dealing with a difficult husband. For the Wife, marriage is not the unbreakable bond Adriana sees it to be, but instead a temporary arrangement able to be severed at the presence of inconvenience. For her, she and Menaechmus I do not share a unified body and soul; it is evident that she feels his wrongdoing is exemplary of his poor character, and that alone, with no other reflection or blame in herself. By refusing to take responsibility for her husband’s actions, the Wife can also be interpreted in a more feminist light; unlike the co-dependent Adriana, she is not willing to tolerate Menaechmus’ abusive behavior. This disparity ag ain sheds a divide between the two women, differing in their solutions to their fragmented relationships. Upon hearing the Wife’s complaints, her the Old Man chides her, defending Menaechmus I in saying that her unhappiness with her husband’s behavior will not change despite her qualms: â€Å"Thanks to all your diligence, I promise you, he’ll love her more.† (1.791). He goes on to say that: OLD MAN †¦Look, you’re quite well dressed, well jeweled and well supplied with food and maids. Being well off, woman, why, be wise, leave well enough alone. (1.801-802) These cautionary words strike a chord with the speech of the Abbess, as the Old Man here too advises the Wife to wean her jealous behavior and to let things be (â€Å"Being well off, woman, why, be wise, leave well enough alone†). Accusing her of â€Å"blaming blameless men† (1.805), like the Abbess, he does not sympathize with the plights of the wronged woman, instead blaming Menaechmus’ erratic behavior on her jealousy. Thus, both the Old Man and the Abbess ignore the pleas of the women, showcasing their mutual lack of compassion in regard to the men’s adultery and abusive behavior. Following these squabbles throughout both texts of The Comedy of Errors and The Brothers Menaechmus, another match between the two occurs during the fits of assumed madness seen with both Antipholus of Ephesus and Menaechmus II. Upon being held by Doctor Pinch, the speech of Antipholus aligns very closely with that of Menaechmus II, for whom the Old Man sends the Doctor following his crazed threats to kill those around him. Throughout these scenes, both men attack and blame their wives, as seen when Antipholus of Ephesus condemns Adriana for claiming that Dromio did not come to her for Antipholus’ bail: ANTIPHOLUS Dissembling harlot, thou art false in all; And art confederate with a damned pack To make a loathsome abject scorn of me: But with these nails Ill pluck out these false eyes That would behold in me this shameful sport. (4.4.102-6) In his rage, he threatens to â€Å"pluck out these false eyes†, which he feels so wrongfully accuse him of a wrongdoing he has not committed. Calling Adriana a lying â€Å"harlot†, he places the fault of his promiscuity and of his arrest on her shoulders. Likewise, this is directly paralleled with the case of Menaechmus, who when confronted by the Old Man, begins to verbally abuse both father and daughter, calling the wife â€Å"a very rabid female dog† and her father â€Å"a goat who reeks of garlic†: MANAECHMUS II †¦On the left I’m guarded by a very rabid female dog. Right behind her is a goat who reeks of garlic, and this goat has Countless times accused a blameless citizen with perjury. (1.838-840) As in The Comedy of Errors, Menaechmus II threatens to â€Å"Take some hotly blazing torches, [and] set this woman’s eyes on fire.† (1.841), using the promise of violence to rid himself of the Wife. Thus, it is clear that both he and Antipholus employ verbal abuse in treatment of their respective wives. Overall, it is evident that in comparison to The Brothers Menaechmus, Shakespeare diverges from the given content to a major extent in The Comedy of Errors, employing Plautus’s bare storyline to create more dynamic characters and to reflect upon key social issues. This is especially significant in the case of his Adriana versus Plautus’s Wife, the former of which is read as more dependent and devoted to her marriage, as seen through her attempts to plead her husband’s return and to retrieve him from the Abbess, caring for him in his time of ‘madness’. However, although both Antipholus and Menaechmus verbally abuse the women when they are ‘mad’, and engage in adulterous behavior, the main disparity between the two lies in that Adriana willingly forgives her husband and is dedicated to the unity of her marriage, unlike the Wife, who demands divorce and begs for her father to take her home. This difference is important because it allows the reader to treat Adriana like a protagonist, despite retaining a certain aspect of shame at her anger toward her husband’s behavior, as seen in the Abbess’ chiding. Likewise, although we read the Wife as the villain, the play does to an extent justify the Wife’s desire to leave her husband by depicting his stealing and adultery, but nonetheless portrays her as unlikeable. By developing these characters to such an extent, Shakespeare grants his leading woman a sense of humanity and likeability, which is especially significant in tracing the treatment of women in society over the course of the time period during the publication of the two plays. Works Cited Plautus, Titus Maccius., and Erich Segal. Four Comedies. Oxford: Oxford U, 1996. Print. Shakespeare, William, and Frances E. Dolan. The Comedy of Errors. New York: Penguin, 1999. Print.

Practice ACT

As we approach the month of December many Juniors find that there is a great lack of assistance when it comes to the college process. With no guidance from the school, Juniors are forced to hunt down information regarding their futures on their own. We haven’t had any assemblies or meetings that would outline the steps that will need to be taken in order to go through the college application process smoothly. College is not that far away, and the Juniors at Lab have begun to get restless because they are at a loss of what they need to do. Sure, you will have to make decisions and inform yourself of events on your own when you’re in college; but why should you have to do that now? There should always be adults in High Schools that make sure that they guide their students through this stressful process, and saving it for the 11th hour is not the way to go about it. The SAT’s are lined up month after month to be taken. Why don’t we know how and when to sign up? Are we supposed to wake up one day and walk into a test that can determine our futures? I, for one, don’t know how and when I should even sign up to take this test. And what does SAT even stand for? Scholastic Aptitude Test, do you know how I found that out? Google! Not from my own school, which is supposed to be guiding me to help make applying to college easier and less overwhelming. We should not have to do this on our own. We are not prepared or informed here at the NYC Lab School. Students may be unaware of what they need to start doing to apply to college, but they are aware of how unaware they actually are. In a recent town hall meeting that was held in the NYC Lab School a Junior posed her concern around the SAT 2’s. â€Å"I don’t know what they are or when I should take them. The school has not told me anything about them†¦ at all.† And that is exactly how all the Juniors feel. Many students haven’t even thoug ht about taken the SAT2’s, or know why they are even important to take; and then there are those who have taken some of the exams already. Why is it that the juniors are not all on the same page? When I first heard of the SAT2’s I was considering not even taking them. I figured I didn’t want to put myself through any more stress than I already had, but little did I know that many colleges require at least 2-3 of the SAT2 subject test to be taken to merely apply. To think I wasn’t even going to take the test! And to think that not a single word has been said about the SAT2’s in this school! Where would that leave us next year? Cramming in studying to take the test to be able to put them on our transcripts at the last possible minute? Many students were also not notified of a practice ACT exam that was available. I for one was not notified of it until two days before, when, by that time, it was too late to sign up to take it. Where was the guidance there? It is understandable that the seniors are getting most of the college guidance now because they are applying to college, but why is it that the only time our one college guidance counselor has is for the seniors? Why is it that there is only one college advisor? The lack of college guidance has taken a great toll on the Juniors here at Lab. However, the fact of the matter is that I am not ready; we Juniors are not ready or prepared for taking the correct and necessary steps to apply to college. It is time that Lab begins to think about its Juniors, and to help get us on the road to college and our futures. Hiring more college guidance counselors would be a start.

Climate Change Essay - 1124 Words

Natalie Sesco English 1 Uri Hertz May 17, 2012 Environmental Issues Everyone talks about climate change and how the Earth is slowly deteriorating, but no one seems to have specific examples. In Linnea Saukko’s â€Å"How to Poison the Earth,† she does use specific examples of what is causing climate change. She uses satire with a hint of sarcasm in her essay. She gives the reader specific examples of how to poison the Earth, but not really wanting to poison the Earth. Gretel Ehrlich writes her essay, â€Å"Chronicles of Ice,† a little differently. She uses personal experiences of visiting a glacier and the way that it is falling apart to explain climate change. She uses detailed, sensory description to explain†¦show more content†¦Saukko really opened my eyes to the reality of what is happening on earth. I’ve always heard many people speak about the environment and how it is deteriorating, but I have never seen exactly why. This essay gave me great insight to the reality of it. Ehrlich on the other hand, has a very different approach to the way she talks about the issue. She uses a lot of sensory images and personal experience. She mentally paints a picture for us to see what is happening. She uses very intriguing vocabulary to describe the massive glaciers. In her essay, she uses subtle personification to describe the way the ice stands. Ehrlich talks about the way people go to see the glaciers fall and fail, but they are not interested in the strength it takes for them to hold themselves together. She makes an interesting statement of how glaciers are historians and archivists of our world. She describes how they hold everything from dust, to pollen and even gasses. This helps our world to look back and be able to see the way that the environment is changing over the years. She also makes a reference that the deterioration of the glaciers is a result of our â€Å"†¦smokestack and tailpipe society† (271). This seemed to be a harsh statement towards society as a whole. Without the new technologies, buildings, cars and everything that is grouped in with being considered a smokestack society, our world would not be anywhere near where it is today. In the last essay,Show MoreRelatedClimate Changes And Climate Change Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: Climate is inherently variable. Climate changes from place to place and it varies with time. The world now faces one of the complex and important issue it has ever had to deal with: climate change. Climate change today is one of the biggest concerns of human beings on the planet and the effects of climate change are undeniable and it may cause environmental, social, and economic threats to the planet. We already know and easily can highlight several signs of climate change. 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Using Stz Diabetic Rats ( Vanadium ) - 1844 Words

Abstract Vanadium complexes have been synthesized, characterized, and tested as possible insulin-enhancing agents using STZ-diabetic rats. The vanadyl complexes, bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV), BMOV, bis(ethylmaltolato)oxovanadium(IV), BEOV, and bis(isopropylmaltolato)oxovanadium(IV), BIOV, were compared for glucose-decreasing capability against vanadyl sulfate, when administered to the rats at a one-time dose of 0.1 mmol kg–1 body weight. After the injection, blood levels of vanadium were recorded at regular intervals for 72 hours. When compared to vanadyl sulfate, all complexes exceeded in glucose-lowering ability. This was not correlated with blood vanadium levels. Pharmokinetics indicates that the metal ion-ligand dissociation took place quickly after oral ingestion of the complex. Other comparable synthetic methods also using an oral hypoglycemic agent, commonly known as metformin, complexed with vanadium(IV) to form vanadyl metformin [VO(metf)2].1 Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a category of metabolic diseases distinguished by hyperglycemia from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The most widespread form of this disease is Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) which accounts for 85-95% of all diagnosed cases. Often times these cases are without symptoms during their early stages and sometimes remains undetected for many years. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is connected with enduring dysfunction and damage to various organs including the eyes,

Is David Hume Or Immanuel Kant - 1428 Words

Was David Hume or Immanuel Kant more virtuous in their ethical philosophy? First we must understand what these ethical writings were for each modern philosopher. Both Hume and Kant were very influential philosophers during their lifetime, they have also disagreed on many ideas they argue for. We will be focusing specifically on their ethical philosophies to determine which philosopher, if any, would be considered to be more virtuous. In order to answer this question, we must answer a few other simpler questions such as who these philosophers are, and what they deem to be morality. Much like any situation, sometimes answers lead to more questions, so I will attempt to continue answering smaller questions if they pertain to the†¦show more content†¦Contrasted to other ethical philosophies such as consequentialism or virtue ethics, Kant worked with the idea of deontological ethics or deontology. This translates from the Greek word â€Å"deon† which means obligation or duty. This branch of ethical philosophy explains how ones morals come from a sort of ethical code. Deontology was not created by Kant, it was actually created by a man named Jeremy Bentham, who coined it as â€Å"the knowledge of what is right and proper† (Bentham). Deontology seems to be portrayed that ethics and morality as an obligation or duty. This contrasts Hume’s Sentimentalism, which portrays that ethics and morality comes from passions dictating ones morality rather than reason. Some would say that what would be called â€Å"Kantianism† is much colder and emotionless compared to Hume’s sentimentalism, which I would agree with to an extent. However, I would also suggest that while Kantianism is much less based on emotion, it follows a much more logical conclusion that reason dictates morality, rather than emotions and passions. Our second modern philosopher is David Hume, who is known for his ethical works regarding passions as the driving based of morality rather than reason. 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Born in the 18th century, Hume followsRead MoreInto The Woods By Stephen Sondheim Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagesthroughout the play, decisions that play a very important role throughout the play and the field of ethics. In fact, philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and David Hume– philosophers that extensibly contributed with ethical views regarding respect and dignity– may agree or disagree with the ethical decisions taken by the characters on specific instances. In fact, Kant and Hume have developed a set of views that determine what is right and wrong; very useful to decide whether or not the Baker’s decisions are

What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of High Levels...

Tommy Le N8486666 Kasha – Class 07 Executives are often seen as the most crucial person in the companies. Their daily tasks involve both multifarious management and challenging projects in order to promote companies growth and achieve business goals in the competitive business environment. Therefore, most corporations tend to provide decent wages and welfare to executives for their great contribution and irreplaceable value. Although the right executives deserve high compensation, some people suspect that it might bring the heavy burden and potential risks to the companies. This essay will discuss both benefits and drawbacks of high levels of executive compensation. It will firstly consider the merits including affirmation and†¦show more content†¦First of all, the qualified executives from outside fields might be attracted because of the high remuneration above the average, and the companies also increase the competition as a result of absorbing talents. In addition, the relationship between shareholders and executives can be improved as well. Schubert and Barenbaum (2008, p.28) argue that maximizing shareholder value is usually seen as a second goal of 7/1/2013 Tommy Le N8486666 Kasha – Class 07 executives because they are willing to maximize their own profits. To some extent, the executives will take shareholders’ profits into consideration if they satisfy with the compensation. Top executives tend to persist in excellent management both in themselves and things around them, and they â€Å"wish to win in the shareholder performance game† (Schubert Barenbaum, 2008, p.28). Finally, high compensation is a mean to mitigate agency conflicts between shareholders and managers. As Feng, Ghosh, He, Sirmans (2010, pp.446–479) mentioned, high remuneration associated with the performance is effective in aligning executives’ interests with shareholders’, and they would like to join hand to pursue the same goal. 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Religious Pluralism in Christian and Islamic Philosophy

Questions: 1. Relevance of content: Is the content of your teaching material relevant to your chosen topic?2. Length, structure and organization of content: Have you organized your material in a clear, logical manner? Is it the correct length?3. Quality of analysis, critical thinking, interpretation of issues, creativity: Have you demonstrated awareness of alternative interpretations of key theological themes and concepts? Is your teaching material supported by evidence/examples drawn from the Christian tradition? Does your teaching material encourage others to critically engage with different points of views?4. Level of knowledge of and engagement with a range of appropriate material: Have you engaged sufficiently with the theological literature? Have you referred to at least two theological textbooks? Are these correctly referenced in your teaching notes and presentation materials?5. Level of understanding of subject specific terminology and concepts: Have you shown that you understand subjec t specific terminology and concepts? Does your teaching material show evidence of your ability to communicate these clearly and effectively?6. Literacy: includes attention to style, spelling, punctuation and grammar.7. Communication and teaching skills: Have you included a mix of input from yourself, discussion activities, possibly stimulus activities, and, engagement with Scripture and Christian theology? Answers: Introduction Start the teaching session with a small video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DhjoU5KgP90 on how Christianity believes in Jesus today and how they are influenced by His work. Today, in this meeting, the topic we are going to learn is The significance of the work of Christ for Christian life and ministry. To make this teaching session even more successful, we will first emphasize on how Jesus Christ sacrificed His life based on His active obedience and passive obedience. This session further continues with the stimulus activities and the theological perspective of Christs work in favour of the common being. Ultimately, the session will be wrapped up with the awareness and the engagement associated with both the positive and the negative point of views on the selected theological perspective. Begin the main teaching session by presenting an audio-visual clip on the active and the passive obedience in the USA: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fifEp__PtEY. Small group Activity(5-7 minutes): Select some participants and ask them to portray their view of active and passive obedience like it is explained in John 15:4-11. Ask the remaining laypeople for feedback to understand whether they are proceeding with the correct knowledge or not. Christs work for Christianity and their ministry Plenary discussion: Ask the people the purpose to study the life of Christ. Present your view on the importance of Jesus work for Christian civilization and ask them to repeat along with you: Realise the doctrine of union with the point of view point of the Lord. Ask the people of the church whether they are united with Christ and follow the teaching of Jesus. Make them understand about the Scriptural teaching with the work of Christ Tell them that Jesus raises the morality in Christians by sacrificing for the society who are in opposition to him and pray for their salvation. Make the church people realize that Jesus works for the union of the humanity. He unites all the people even those individuals who are not aware of His existence. Furthermore, explain the fact to the people that according to The Holy Bible, one who follows Christianity and Jesus will achieve the ultimate salvation while the others can obtain the counterfeit to the redemption, thus making everyone aware of His existence and importance of his work (Macaskill 2013). The term union resembles the establishment of the relationship with the Lord through compassion taught by Christ. Make the laypeople knowledgeable about the importance of Jesus work by saving the relationship taken by grace, responsiveness, inter-relationships and interaction among one another. Tell them the importance relies on the fact that Jesus makes the Christian Ministry about their identity and the person they are becoming. Small activity(5 minutes) To recognize the knowledge of the laypeople, ask them what they learn from the aspect of personal union. Moreover, whether they agree on the essentiality of the two concerns the God Himself and own self? For the sake of saving the relationships, ask the laypeople to share their experience about the relationship of marriage thereby living together and sharing a life. Human Salvation Discussion question: What is salvation? Ask the laypeople about their understanding of Salvation. The term salvation means how God made His judgement on the sinner. Some people believes that Salvation can be achieved by escaping from the Evil and bad things while God judges those people also who sinned in opposition to them. Salvation can only be found in Jesus. You may teach the lay people about the verse 2 Cor. 5:21 that depict He made him, who knew no sin to be sin on our behalf that we might become the righteousness of God in him. Teach the church people about Eph. 2:8 for a better understanding of the term salvation. Question for discussion (5 mins): Ask people to identify the passage regarding salvation in the Holy Bible. - What do these passages represent about the Human Salvation? - Probable examples: John 1:12, John 3:16, John 14:6 Romans 1:16, Romans 3:9, Romans 6:23, Romans 10:9 and Ephesians 2:8, Ephesians 2:9 Jesus Christ dies for the sin of the people even though they crucified him until death. He rose from His grave after paying the penalty for their sins, hence saves them from ultimate punishments. This also resembles that an innocent person dies for the guilty people. Trinity Question for discussion: What do you mean by the Trinity? Ask them whether they are aware of the fact of the three different figures or persons in one God in the form of God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit. Ask the laypeople for repeating those three verses, which defines the above said Trinity aspects. John 6:27 Jesus Christ referred to his Father as God. Isaiah 9:6 For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given: and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, and The Prince of Peace. Of the increase of his government and peace, there shall be no end. Acts 4:10; Rom. 8:11 After declaring that God raised Christ from the dead, the New Testament goes on to credit the Holy Spirit with theresurrection. The significance of the Trinity for the Christianity- Tell the laypeople about the importance of the Doctrine of Trinity for the Christianity and their ministry. Depict relevant theories relating to the concerned topic. The first person Father sends His Son for sacrificing His life for the ordinary person so that the individual of the world may save from the curse. The second person of the Trinity that is the Son can conquer death and sin through His glorious restoration by rising from His grave and make the people of Christianity saved from all kinds of devils. (Galatians 2:20) also says, Son of God has become God of Son. Ultimately, considering the third person of the Trinity that is The Holy Spirit, which comprise of: Having attributes that only God can possess (1 Cor. 2:10) Omniscience and (1 Cor. 6:19) Omnipresence. The Holy Spirit also has the power to control the life and death of people (Jn 3:5-6; Tit 3:5). (1 Cor. 6:11) depicts The Spirit of our God" must have to be one "the Spirit, who is our God". Among numerous theological perspectives, the perspective that you may take is the Religious Pluralism. Theological perception on Doctrine of God Make the laypeople of the church aware about the theological perspectives on Religion Pluralism. In Acts: Ask people about the essential primary Doctrines, which resemble the favour of the Christian faith. Plenary Discussion: Make your people understand about the doctrines explained in The Holy Bible: John 8:58 with Exodus 3:14 (Deity of Christ) Ephesians 2:8 (Salvation by Grace) 1 Cor. 15:14--17 (Resurrection of Christ) 1:8-9, NIV ( The Gospel) Exodus 20:3, Isaiah 43:10, 44:6,8 (Monotheism) In Acts: There are in total 5 verses in the Holy Bible relying on the fact whether salvation can only be achieved by following salvation, when there are other religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism through which salvation can be achieved. Plenary discussion: Ask the laypeople to read aloud the reply to those quotations and identify the elements that they perceived concerning the theological perception of the religion plurality. Roman 10:13 and John 14:6 ( Human Salvation, Christianity) Acts 4:12 (Human Salvation, Christianity) 1 John 5:11-12 (Doctrine, Trinity) John 10:7-10 (Human Salvation) Mathews 7:13-15 (Human Salvation) In Acts: There are 3 other sayings where The Bible upholds the fact that, those who do not know the existence of Jesus follows can achieve salvation only by doing good to others . They can choose the path of helping others without any arrogance to gain the mercy of Jesus and hence can obtain salvation. Plenary Discussion: James 4:17 (Those who not do good to other, gained the Sin) Ezekiel 18:32 (Getting rid form all the offences) Psalm 87:4-6 (Mention of Rahab and Babylon) Discussion Question: Ask the laypeople about the Revelation, Religion. Revelation: Ask the people to distinguish between General Revelation and Special Revelation. - General Revelation is knowledge of God that enables a person to perceive the knowledge of right and right. This knowledge is obtained through nature also resembles as basic morality. In Acts: 1:18-20 (Knowledge of God) 2:14-15 (Knowledge of Morality) 19,20,21 (Only God as creator) Plenary discussion: - Special revelation is a term that is followed by the Christian Theologians that resembles all the spiritual matter related to the knowledge of God which can be only exposed by the means of supernatural acts like miracles probably the disclosure of the Gods truth. In Acts: Matthew 28:18-20 (Living Under Christs Authority) Plenary discussion: Ask the laypeople to repeat along with you All authority has been given to Me in heaven and on hearth. Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all things that I have commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, even to the end of the age Teach them that Chapter 28 of Matthew focuses on Faith in Jesus and the hope of His disciples for His return after His death. You may also make them knowledgeable about the two simple actualities presented in The Bible. One- God is our only Creator and thus He has all the rights to direct the life of communal folks. Two- Those people associated with Sin can never achieve their guiltless personality unless they will return to the Lord, with readiness to accept all their Sin. Religion: Discussion question: Invite people to share their thoughts on the existence of Jesus and achieve salvation through Christianity. You may ask to share any experience of their friends or acquaintances believes and disbelieves in the existence of Christianity. Critical Evaluation for the Religious Pluralism Discussion Question: Ask them to convey their philosophy on the concerned fact. You may educate them with the Cultural and theological perspective of the religious pluralism. There are many, who believe that there is only one religion, that is Christianity, and those who believe in Jesus will surely get the way towards the salvation. As mentioned in John 14:6, those who called Jesus will be saved and Jesus is the only way for commending the truth of life. Furthermore, James 4:17 mentions that for the person who is not aware of Jesus can choose the counterfeit for the achievement of Salvation. You may ask your laypeople of the church about some of the moralizing doctrines related to the advancement of the Christianity Society and Ministry (Rom. 1:18-31). Teach the lay people that Christianity that they: Worship as a God: The Trinity makes the Christian Faith a unique one and makes Christianity resist on a single Father, Son and the Spirit. Worship as a Triune Creator God: Christian Theologians distinguish between the Gods general and special revelation. Worship as a Triune Creator and Redeemer: Jesus revealed himself to the entire humanity in the universe. Romans 1:18-32 portrays that The Lord is considered as a Priori and a Posteriori that depicts The Lord was and will there before and after the life of any individual. Discussion Question: Comprehend out the quotation Neither is there salvation in any other: for there is none another name under heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved. John 11:25-25 also conveys that Jesus himself says that who believes in Jesus, even if he dies will never die; however, who live and believes in Jesus will never die and hence will work for the betterment of the Christianity by saving them from sin. Conclusion We have followed all the necessary aspects that Jesus has done for Christianity and their ministry. Moreover, theological perception on Doctrine of God and their efficiency in the life of the Common being is explained. Discussed the Trinity of God that resembles the three forms of Gods existence and how they influence the Christianity. Furthermore, in the Critical evaluation it is concluded that Salvation can be achieved from other religions as well; however, the only difference is by following any other religion, people may achieve the imitation of Salvation by doing good to the others and they will further be saved from all Sin. References Aslan, A., 2013. Religious pluralism in Christian and Islamic philosophy: the thought of John Hick and Seyyed Hossein Nasr. Routledge. Barrett, M.P., 2016. Beginning at Moses: A Guide to Finding Christ in the Old Testament.Ambassador International. Bok, J., 2014. Symbolic Filtering: Selectively Permeable Evangelical Boundaries in an Age of Religious Pluralism. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 53(4), pp.808-825. Campbell, C.R., 2015. Paul and Union with Christ: An Exegetical and Theological Study. Harper Collins. Carson, D.A., 2012. Christ and culture revisited. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. Corrigan, J., Denny, F., Jaffee, M.S. and Eire, C., 2016.Jews, Christians, Muslims: a comparative introduction to monotheistic religions. Routledge. Daggers, J., 2013.Postcolonial theology of religions: particularity and pluralism in world Christianity. Routledge. Kierkegaard, S., 2015.Training in Christianity.Princeton University Press. Macaskill, G., 2013. Union with Christ in the New Testament.OUP Oxford. McGrath, A.E., 2012. Historical theology: An introduction to the history of Christian thought. John Wiley Sons. Migliore, D.L., 2014. Faith seeking understanding: An introduction to Christian theology. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. Niebuhr, R., 2012.An interpretation of Christian ethics.Westminster John Knox Press. Pardue, S.T., 2013. The mind of Christ: humility and the intellect in early Christian theology. AC Black. Samartha, S.J., 2015. One Christ--Many Religions: Toward a Revised Christology. Wipf and Stock Publishers. Stott, J., 2012. Basic Christianity.InterVarsity Press. Van Voorst, R., 2014. Readings in Christianity. Cengage Learning. Williams, M., 2012.How to Read the Bible through the Jesus Lens: A Guide to Christ-Focused Reading of Scripture. Zondervan. Yong, A., 2014. Beyond the impasse: Toward a pneumatological theology of religion. Wipf and Stock Publishers.